Jarlik a shout-out, an announcement in the ancient Mongol language was how Mongols called diplomatic credentials — protective charters they wrote and handed over to the Russian princes and priests.
For protection, the church was obliged to preach allegiance to the Mongol Tatars to their parishioners. The tributes were controlled and collected at first by the baskaks, the Mongol taxmen, who lived in Russian cities with their suite and security guards. To collect the tributes, the Mongols performed a census of the population of the subdued duchies. Otherwise, the Russians were left to live their life.
There was never any constant military presence of the Mongols, but if the Russians revolted against their rule, they could send armies. However, the cunning and politically sophisticated Mongol khans manipulated Russians, incited hatred and wars among them to better control the weak, divided states.
Soon, the princes learned this tactic and started applying it against the Mongols. For a century, there were innumerable military campaigns between Mongols and Russians. Tver was burned and destroyed by the Horde, and Moscow and Suzdal princes helped the Mongols. How could they? In a war between the duchies, the Moscow princes understood that somebody has to take the lead against the Mongols by subduing others to his rule.
Meanwhile, Moscow used the defeats of other princes for their own means. The sacking of Suzdal by Batu Khan in February Mongol Invasion of Russia. A miniature from the sixteenth-century chronicle.
Russians also quickly learned from the Mongols to use written contracts, sign acts, enact laws; Russians used the system of yams — road stations, employed first by Genghis Khan for multiple purposes: shelter for travelers, places to hold spare horses for army messengers, and so on.
This system was installed in the Russian lands by the Mongols for their purposes but eventually started being used by Russians for their own good — to connect their lands. Simultaneously with the strengthening of Moscow princes, the Golden Horde fell into a political crisis. In , Dmitry Donskoy, who had earlier stopped paying tributes to the Horde, defeated the 60,,strong army of Khan Mamay in the Battle of Kulikovo , a great moment of high spirits for all the Russian lands.
It was the first time a Mongol advance had ever been beaten back in direct combat on the battlefield, and it marked the beginning of the fragmentation of the empire due to wars over succession. This weakness allowed the Han Chinese Ming Dynasty to take control in , while Russian princes also slowly developed independence over the 14th and 15th centuries, and the Mongol Empire finally dissolved.
Privacy Policy. Skip to main content. The Mongol Empire. Search for:. Learning Objectives Define the significance of the Pax Mongolica. Key Takeaways Key Points The Mongol Empire existed during the 13th and 14th centuries and was the largest land empire in history. The empire unified the nomadic Mongol and Turkic tribes of historical Mongolia.
The empire sent invasions in every direction, ultimately connecting the East with the West with the Pax Mongolica , or Mongol Peace, which allowed trade, technologies, commodities, and ideologies to be disseminated and exchanged across Eurasia.
The Mongol raids and invasions were some of the deadliest and most terrifying conflicts in human history.
Ultimately, the empire started to fragment; it dissolved in , at which point the Han Chinese Ming Dynasty took control. The armies looted and razed the cities, slaughtered the people, and took many as prisoners and slaves. The Mongols eventually captured, sacked, and destroyed Kiev, the symbolic center of Kievan Russia.
Only outlying northwesterly principalities such as Novgorod, Pskov, and Smolensk survived the onslaught, though these cities would endure indirect subjugation and become tributaries of the Golden Horde. Perhaps a decision by the Russian princes to make peace could have averted this.
However, that was not the case and for their miscalculations, Russia would be forever changed in terms of its religion, art, language, government, and political geography. With the initial Mongol onslaught, many churches and monasteries were looted and destroyed while countless adherents to the church and scores of clergy were killed; those who survived often were taken prisoner and enslaved Dmytryshyn, The mere shock of the force and size of the Mongol army was devastating.
The distress was just as political and economic in nature as it was social and spiritual. The Mongol forces claimed that they were sent by God, and the Russians believed that the Mongols were indeed sent by God as a punishment for their sins. The Russian people would eventually turn inward, seeking solace in their faith and looking to the Orthodox Church for guidance and support.
The shock of being conquered by this steppe people would plant the seeds of Russian monasticism, which would in turn play a major role in the conversion of such people as the Finno-Ugrian tribes and the Zyrianians now known as the Komi , as well as the colonization of the northern regions of Russia Vernadsky, The humiliation suffered by the princes and the town assemblies caused fragmentation of their political authority.
This loss of political unity allowed the Church to rise as an embodiment of both religious and national identity while filling the gap of lost political identity Riasanovsky, While the church had been under the de facto protection of the Mongols ten years earlier from the census conducted under Khan Berke , this iarlyk formally decreed protection for the Orthodox Church.
More importantly, it officially exempted the church from any form of taxation by Mongol or Russian authorities Ostrowski, And permitted that clergymen not be registered during censuses and that they were furthermore not liable for forced labor or military service Hosking, As expected, the result of the iarlyk issued to the Orthodox Church was profound. For the first time, the church would become less dependent on princely powers than in any other period of Russian history.
The Orthodox Church was able to acquire and consolidate land at a considerable rate, one that would put the church in an extremely powerful position in the centuries following the Mongol takeover. The charter of immunity strictly forbade both Mongol and Russian tax agents from seizing church lands or demanding any services from the Orthodox Church.
This was enforced by a simple penalty — death Vernadsky, Another prominent reason the church developed so quickly laid in its mission — to spread Christianity and convert those still practicing paganism in the countryside. To strengthen the internal structure of the Orthodox Church, metropolitans traveled extensively throughout the land to alleviate administrative deficiencies and to oversee the activities of the bishops and priests.
Moreover, the relative security economic, military, and spiritual surrounding hermitages lured peasants from the countryside. As this heightened urban development within the periphery of church properties destroyed the peaceful atmosphere the hermitage was originally established to give, members of the monastery would move further out into the wilderness to establish a new hermitage, beginning the process anew.
This system of founding religious settlements continued for some time and contributed to the augmentation of the Orthodox Church Vernadsky, One last significant change that occurred was the location of the center of the Orthodox Church.
Before the Mongols invaded Russian lands, Kiev was the ecclesiastical center. Following the destruction of Kiev, the Holy See moved to Vladimir in , and eventually to Moscow in Hosking, 72 , helping to bolster the importance of Moscow significantly. While the arts in Russia first suffered mass deportations of its artists, the monastic revival and the focus of attention that turned toward the Orthodox Church led to an artistic revival.
What defined the Russians — at this crucial moment when they were without a state — was their Christianity and ability to express their devout beliefs. It was during the second half of the Mongol rule in the mid-fourteenth century that Russian iconography and fresco painting began once again to flourish. Theophanes the Greek arrived in the late s. He decorated and worked on various churches throughout the land, especially in Novgorod and Nizhniy Novgorod.
In Moscow, he painted the iconostasis for the Church of the Annunciation as well as worked on the Church of the Archangel Michael Martin, Iconography came to Russia from Byzantium in the tenth century, but the Mongol invasion in the thirteenth century cut Russia off from Byzantium. While the linguistic effects may seem at first trivial, such impacts on language help us to determine and understand to what extent one empire had on another people or group of people — in terms of administration, military, trade — as well as to what geographical extentthe impact included.
Indeed, the linguistic and even socio-linguistic impacts were great, as the Russians borrowed thousands of words, phrases, other significant linguistic features from the Mongol and the Turkic languages that were united under the Mongol Empire Dmytryshyn, Listed below are a few examples of some that are still in use. All came from various parts of the Horde. Listed below are a few common examples still found commonly in Russian.
However, in Kievan Rus, a form of democracy did exist. It was essentially a forum for civic affairs to discuss and resolve problems. However, this democratic institution suffered severe curtailment under the Mongols. By far the most influential of the assemblies were in Novgorod and Kiev. In Novgorod, a special veche bell in other towns, church bells were ordinary used for this purpose was created for calling the townspeople together for an assembly, and in theory, anyone could ring it.
In the times after the Mongols had conquered the majority of Kievan Russia, veche s ceased to exist in all cities except Novgorod, Pskov, and others in the northwestern regions. Veches in those cities continued to function and develop until Moscow itself subjugated them in the late fifteenth century. However, today the spirit of the veche as a public forum has been revived in several cities across Russia, including especially Novgorod.
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