Hayes was also met with pushback from Congress on the subject of Black rights. He was an abolitionist and believed in rights for Blacks; however, because the Democrats held power both in Congress and in the South, his Presidential efforts for equality were to no avail as the rise of Jim Crow and racism grew rampant in the South. However, after he left office, Hayes continued to fight for Black rights and seek solutions for racial issues until his death.
Because his Presidency began in the wake of the Panic of , a transatlantic depression that affected both North America and Europe, Hayes was confronted with economic and currency issues.
He opposed inflation and favored the gold standard over paper money. Hayes, alongside Congress, passed laws that retired most paper money, and over time, created improvements in the economy.
Hayes was also forced to deal with the Great Railroad Strike of , when laborers began protesting and rioting in response to decreased wages after the Panic of After multiple state governors called for presidential intervention, he deployed troops in order to suppress the riots. Recovering from the Panic of , many American laborers, especially in California, blamed the unrestricted flow of Chinese immigrant laborers as the cause of their reduced wages.
When anti-Chinese riots broke out in , Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, which would prohibit Chinese immigration and repeal previous compromises made with China regarding trade and immigration.
However, President Hayes vetoed the act, instead authorizing new negotiations with China that would suspend new immigration but protect the rights of the immigrants already in the United States. Hayes was also embroiled in conflict after passing a policy that promoted American Indian assimilation into white culture and divided Indian land among individual households. While Hayes sought to give the American Indians control over their reservations, conflict arose when acculturation was enforced and when they were forced to move.
After uprisings broke out among the American Indians, he sought to remedy all conflict and compromise with them. Another significant foreign policy that Hayes was involved in was in , when he was the arbitrator of a territorial dispute between Paraguay and Argentina. Keeping his promise and exercising his final act of integrity while in office, Hayes refused to seek reelection, and finished his presidential term in He served as both a member and later, as the national President of the League.
Grant was tarnished by scandals, and Democratic opponent Samuel J. Tilden of New York was a superb political organizer with a reputation for reform. On Election Day, Tilden garnered more than , popular votes, but the vote in three southern states was close enough for both Republicans and Democrats to claim them—and with those states, the presidency. To decide who carried those states, Congress set up a special commission that awarded the disputed electoral college votes to Hayes, making him the winner.
Outraged and frustrated, his opponents dubbed Hayes "Rutherfraud" and "His Fraudulency. Despite these debates, it is doubtful that Hayes struck any type of explicit bargain or deal—even if the result of his becoming President did result in the final effective abandonment of federal Reconstruction.
Hayes's inaugural address was conciliatory in tone and addressed specific problems. To alleviate hard times, he backed existing legislation that called for the nation's return to the gold standard by To eliminate political corruption, he advocated a nonpartisan reformed civil service, observing that "he serves his party best who serves his country best. Perhaps because Hayes had combat experience, he wished to arbitrate disputes with other nations rather than going to war.
As President, Hayes sought to implement the ideas and policies of his inaugural address. He had previously supported radical Reconstruction legislation that aimed to secure the rights of black citizens. By , however, Hayes believed that military occupation had bred hatred among white southerners and had prevented the nation from reuniting. Actually, Reconstruction was virtually over when Hayes took office in March , with federal troops protecting Republican governments only in New Orleans, Louisiana, and Columbia, South Carolina.
Reconstruction ended completely when, within two months of his inauguration, Hayes ordered those federal troops to their barracks--but only after Louisiana and South Carolina authorities pledged to respect the civil and voting rights of African Americans. These promises were, unsurprisingly, soon broken, and white supremacists and the Democratic Party asserted total dominance over the South. By the s, the Democratic hold on the South resulted in a nearly complete denial of voting rights for blacks and a segregated society until the s.
Hayes was a patient and a gradual reformer. He feared that sweeping changes were often not lasting and was satisfied with smaller incremental gains. But Henry Wilson had died a year earlier, and there was no sitting Vice President. A special Electoral Commission of Senators, House members, and Supreme Court justices was appointed by Congress to settle the dispute and avert a constitutional crisis before March, when a new president was supposed to take office.
The commission awarded all of the electoral votes of the four disputed states to Hayes in an vote. The Democrats allegedly agreed to the decision in exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops from South Carolina and Louisiana, marking the end of Reconstruction in the South, in what is called the Compromise of Hayes did remove the last federal troops from the South, which has hurt his reputation with some historians.
But others said Hayes had no choice, and most federal troops had already left the South during the Grant administration. Hayes, the 19th president of the United States. The well-educated Lucy was the first first lady to have graduated from college, receiving her degree from Wesleyan Female College. James Garfield was sworn in as the 20th U. Born in an William McKinley served in the U. Congress and as governor of Ohio before running for the presidency in As a longtime champion of protective tariffs, the Republican McKinley ran on a platform of promoting American prosperity and won a landslide victory over Democrat Chester Arthur , the 21st U.
As president from to , Arthur advocated for civil service reform. A Vermont native, he became active in Republican politics in the s as a New While his support for protective tariffs led to rising prices for consumers and arguably paved John Bell Hood was a U.
A graduate of West Point, Hood joined the Confederacy in and gained a reputation as a talented field commander during the Peninsula Campaign and the Second Battle Susan B. The 29th U. Live TV. This Day In History. History Vault. A Controversial Presidential Election At the Republican national nominating convention in , the party was split between one faction who supported a third term for President Ulysses S.
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